Overview

One of the most central, fundamental teachings of Buddhism is thought to be the Four Noble Truths (Pali: Chattari-ariya-saccani. Sanskrit: Chatvari-arya-satyani). These are a profound, but often misunderstood set of rules that open up into a number of other teachings and ways of practicing Buddhism. Following are what might be considered a general interpretation of the four noble truths:

1. Suffering.
2. The cause of suffering.
3. There is a way out of suffering.
4. The path to the cessation of suffering.

Exploring the four noble truths further

As with many teachings, particularly which have been translated from other languages such as Pali, Sanskrit, Hebrew, Greek or other ancient languages, translations are often misinterpreted or misconceived. Let’s look a little closer, with an attempt at English translation of the original texts.

1. Suffering (Pali: dukkha; Sanskrit: duhkha)

The first truth acknowledges that suffering is an inherent part of existing. It can be interpreted as covering all forms of physical and mental suffering, stress, dissatisfaction or unease. It suggests that in life there is an inevitable aspect of discomfort or whether it be from loss (relationships, life etc) aging, illness or even subtle forms of dissatisfaction.

2. The cause of suffering. (Pali/Sanskrit: samudaya)

The second truth explores the cause of suffering. This is primarily attributed to desires, cravings and attachments. This includes desire for sensory pleasures, for material things, for being or non-being. These desires, stemming from ignorance, are said to lead to a cycle of rebirth and continued suffering (samsara).

3. The cessation of suffering. (Pali/Sanskrit: nirodha. Commonly called nibbana Sanskrit: nirvana).

The third truth asserts that it’s possible to end the suffering. By relinquishing attachments or desires, a state of liberation (Nirvana) can be achieved which is the cessation of suffering and the end of the continuous cycle of rebirth.

4. The path to the cessation of suffering. (Pali: magga; Sanskrit: marga)

The fouth truth presents the path to end suffering, known as the Noble Eightfold Path. This is divided into three core practices: ethical conduct (sila), mental discipline (samadhi), and wisdom (panna). The 8 aspects involve:

1. Right View
2. Right Thought
3. Right Speech
4. Right Action
5. Right Livelihood
6. Right Endeavour
7. Right Mindfulness
8. Right Concentration

Considerations and Reflections

In certain traditions, the approach and understanding of suffering and cessation can be less theoretical and more experiential, encouraging practitioners to observe the nature of mind and reality as they are.

The practice of meditation & mindfulness helps to cultivate a direct understanding of these truths, leading to personal insight into the nature of existence, suffering, and the path to liberation.